what is the neuron that carries impulses away from the nervous system

The neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system is called an efferent (motor) neuron.

Within a single neuron, the specific part that carries impulses away from the cell body is the axon.

So in simple terms:

• Away from the CNS: efferent/motor neuron.

• Away from the neuron's cell body: axon.

If your question is for a basic biology exam, the expected one-word answer is usually “efferent neuron” (or “motor neuron”).