what type of bond forms between opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules or within a large molecule?

The type of bond that forms between opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules or within a large molecule is a hydrogen bond. More broadly, this is a kind of dipole–dipole interaction , and when it specifically involves a slightly positive hydrogen (δ⁺) attracted to a slightly negative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine (δ⁻), it is called a hydrogen bond, which is exactly the textbook answer to this question.