which economic goal is encroached upon when the government taxes your wages in order to provide unemployment benefits to help those out of work?

The economic goal that is encroached upon is economic freedom.

When the government taxes your wages to fund unemployment benefits, it limits how freely you can use the income you earned, because a portion is taken through mandatory taxation rather than left for you to spend, save, or invest as you choose. This policy is designed to improve economic security for people who are out of work, but it does so by reducing the level of economic freedom for taxpayers.

In exam-style wording, the best answer choice is: economic freedom.

TL;DR: Taxing wages to fund unemployment benefits increases economic security for the unemployed but weakens economic freedom for those being taxed.