if n numbers are in arithmetic progression in what manner will the logarithm of the number vary?
If nnn numbers are in arithmetic progression, then their logarithms (to any fixed base) form neither an arithmetic progression nor a geometric progression in general; they follow a concave, slowly increasing pattern given by the log function applied to a linear sequence.
Core idea (short answer)
Let the nnn numbers in arithmetic progression be
a, a+d, a+2d, …, a+(n−1)d,(a>0, a+d>0,… )a,;a+d,;a+2d,;\dots,;a+(n-1)d,\quad (a>0,;a+d>0,\dots)a,a+d,a+2d,…,a+(n−1)d,(a>0,a+d>0,…)
Then their logarithms (say base 10 or base eee) are
log(a), log(a+d), log(a+2d), …, log(a+(n−1)d).\log(a),;\log(a+d),;\log(a+2d),;\dots,;\log(a+(n-1)d).log(a),log(a+d),log(a+2d),…,log(a+(n−1)d).
This is simply the logarithm of a linear function , which is a concave curve: the “steps” between successive terms keep decreasing.
So:
- The original numbers grow in equal additive steps ddd (arithmetic progression).
- Their logs grow in unequal , steadily shrinking steps; the sequence of logs is not an arithmetic progression, but has decreasing first differences.
Mini walkthrough: what “manner” do logs vary in?
Imagine the line
xk=a+(k−1)d,k=1,2,…,nx_k=a+(k-1)d,\quad k=1,2,\dots,nxk=a+(k−1)d,k=1,2,…,n
This is a straight line in kkk.
Now apply logarithm:
yk=log(xk)=log(a+(k−1)d).y_k=\log(x_k)=\log\big(a+(k-1)d\big).yk=log(xk)=log(a+(k−1)d).
Key properties of log(x)\log(x)log(x):
- It is increasing: bigger xxx gives bigger logx\log xlogx.
- It is concave: its slope ddxlogx=1x\frac{d}{dx}\log x=\frac{1}{x}dxdlogx=x1 decreases as xxx increases.
Because of concavity:
- The increments
yk+1−yk=log(a+kd)−log(a+(k−1)d)y_{k+1}-y_k=\log(a+kd)-\log(a+(k-1)d)yk+1−yk=log(a+kd)−log(a+(k−1)d)
get smaller as kkk increases.
- So the logarithms rise, but each step is smaller than the previous one.
That is the “manner” of variation: increasing but with diminishing increments.
Intuitive picture
Think of an arithmetic progression like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50.
Their base‑10 logs are approximately:
- log10≈1\log 10\approx 1log10≈1
- log20≈1.301\log 20\approx 1.301log20≈1.301 (jump ~0.301)
- log30≈1.477\log 30\approx 1.477log30≈1.477 (jump ~0.176)
- log40≈1.602\log 40\approx 1.602log40≈1.602 (jump ~0.125)
- log50≈1.699\log 50\approx 1.699log50≈1.699 (jump ~0.097)
The jumps keep decreasing, illustrating the general rule: equal additive steps in the original numbers correspond to shrinking additive steps in their logarithms.
One more angle: relation to geometric progressions
Historically, logarithms were defined so that an arithmetic progression in the logarithms corresponds to a geometric progression in the original numbers.
- If numbers are in geometric progression, their logs form an arithmetic progression.
- Here we are in the opposite situation: numbers are in arithmetic progression, so their logs form neither an arithmetic nor a geometric progression in general; they trace out the logarithm of a straight line (a concave curve).
Tiny HTML table for clarity
Here is a small numeric example in HTML table form, matching your formatting rule:
html
<table>
<tr>
<th>Term index k</th>
<th>AP term x_k</th>
<th>log<sub>10</sub>(x_k)</th>
<th>Difference in logs</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>1.000</td>
<td>–</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>1.301</td>
<td>0.301</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>30</td>
<td>1.477</td>
<td>0.176</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>1.602</td>
<td>0.125</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td>
<td>50</td>
<td>1.699</td>
<td>0.097</td>
</tr>
</table>
This table concretely shows that equal steps in the AP do not give equal steps in the logarithms; the log sequence has decreasing differences.
TL;DR:
If nnn numbers are in arithmetic progression, their logarithms form an
increasing sequence with decreasing successive differences , i.e., they
follow the concave curve y=log(a+(k−1)d)y=\log(a+(k-1)d)y=log(a+(k−1)d), not
a standard progression.
Information gathered from public forums or data available on the internet and portrayed here.