English Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
Mercury 水星, Shuǐxīng 水星, Suisei 수성, Suseong Sao Thủy
Venus 金星, Jīnxīng 金星, Kinsei 금성, Geumseong Sao Kim
Earth 地球, Dìqiú 地球, Chikyū 지구, Jigu Trái Đất
Mars 火星, Huǒxīng 火星, Kasei 화성, Hwaseong Sao Hỏa
Jupiter 木星, Mùxīng 木星, Mokusei 목성, Mokseong Sao Mộc
Saturn 土星, Tǔxīng 土星, Dosei 토성, Toseong Sao Thổ
Uranus 天王星, Tiānwángxīng 天王星, Tennōsei 천왕성, Cheonwangseong Sao Thiên Vương
Neptune 海王星, Hǎiwángxīng 海王星, Kaiōsei 해왕성, Haewangseong Sao Hải Vương
Pluto 冥王星, Míngwángxīng 冥王星, Meiōsei 명왕성, Myeongwangseong Sao Diêm Vương
These names are the most common modern forms used in major East and Southeast Asian languages, and Chinese, Japanese, and Korean often share the same characters with different pronunciations. Vietnamese also uses Sino-derived planet names for the outer planets and the classical set.

Quick pattern

  • Mercury to Saturn in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean often follow the five elements: water, metal, earth, fire, wood, and soil.
  • Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto are usually translated as “heaven king,” “sea king,” and “underworld king” forms in these languages.
  • In Vietnamese, the names are more descriptive and based on the same tradition for many planets, such as Sao Thủy, Sao Kim, and Sao Hỏa.

Extra note

If you want, I can also give you the planet names in Hindi, Thai, Arabic, and Indonesian in the same table format.