If a U.S. senator resigns, the seat becomes vacant. In most states, the governor can appoint someone to serve temporarily, and then a special election is held to choose someone who finishes the term.

What usually happens

  • The senator submits a resignation, usually to the governor of the state they represent.
  • The seat is declared vacant.
  • The governor may appoint a temporary replacement if state law allows it.
  • A special election may be scheduled to fill the rest of the term.

Why it varies

State law controls the details. Some states let the governor appoint a replacement right away, while others require a faster special election or limit who can be appointed.

Simple example

If a senator resigns in the middle of a six-year term, the state may get:

  1. a temporary senator appointed by the governor, then
  2. a special election later, and
  3. the winner serves the remaining term.

If you want, I can also explain what happens if a senator resigns in a specific state.