what happens in female genital mutilation
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What Happens in Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
Quick Scoop
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is a harmful and illegal practice involving the partial or total removal of external female genitalia for non- medical reasons. It’s recognized internationally as a violation of human rights and a serious form of gender-based violence. While the practice is deeply rooted in certain cultural, religious, or traditional beliefs, it has no health benefits and can lead to severe physical and psychological harm.
What Actually Happens During FGM
FGM can vary widely depending on region and tradition. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies it into four main types:
| Type | Description | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| Type I (Clitoridectomy) | Partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (the fold of skin surrounding it). | Moderate |
| Type II (Excision) | Removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without the labia majora. | Severe |
| Type III (Infibulation) | The vaginal opening is narrowed by creating a covering seal — cutting and repositioning the labia. The clitoris may also be removed. | Extremely severe |
| Type IV (Other) | All other harmful procedures like pricking, piercing, or cauterizing the genital area. | Variable |
Why It Happens
FGM is often carried out due to:
- Cultural or social norms , where it’s seen as a right of passage into womanhood.
- Beliefs about purity, modesty, and marriageability , especially in conservative communities.
- Pressure from elders or peers , making it hard for families to resist tradition.
- Misconceptions about religion , even though no major religion mandates it.
In many communities, the practice continues because of social pressure rather than overt coercion — leaving families fearing stigma or rejection if they refuse.
Immediate and Long-Term Effects
Immediate Health Risks
- Severe pain and bleeding.
- Shock or trauma.
- Infections due to unsterile instruments.
- Urinary problems and difficulty healing.
Long-Term Consequences
- Chronic pain and infections.
- Menstrual and sexual difficulties.
- Infertility and childbirth complications.
- PTSD, anxiety, and depression.
In some of the most severe cases, complications during childbirth can threaten both mother and child.
The Global Response
FGM has been outlawed in many countries, and international organizations are working tirelessly to end the practice by 2030 , aligning with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Key efforts include:
- Community education programs promoting women’s rights and health.
- Safe spaces for survivors to get medical and emotional support.
- Empowerment initiatives that replace FGM rituals with symbolic, non-violent alternatives in some communities.
Voices of Change
Many survivors have become advocates, courageously speaking out to protect future generations. For example, activists like Leyla Hussein (Somali- British psychotherapist) and Nimco Ali OBE have brought global attention to the issue, pushing governments and NGOs to take action.
“Ending FGM is not about attacking culture; it’s about protecting girls’ rights.” — Leyla Hussein, 2021 panel discussion
Their work highlights that education and community dialogue are more powerful than punishment alone.
2026 Context: Ongoing Progress and Challenges
As of early 2026 , global reports indicate:
- A gradual decline in the number of girls at risk, especially in East Africa.
- Rising awareness campaigns on social media and in refugee communities.
- Legal enforcement improving in some nations but still weak in remote rural areas.
NGOs and international coalitions continue to face barriers such as misinformation, cultural resistance, and limited access to affected areas.
TL;DR — Summary
- FGM involves cutting or altering female genitalia for non-medical reasons.
- It causes lifelong physical and emotional harm.
- It is illegal, unethical, and medically unnecessary.
- Global advocacy is helping reduce its prevalence but ongoing education is critical.
Bottom Note: Information gathered from public forums or data available on the internet and portrayed here.
