The Ottoman Empire effectively ended on 1 November 1922, when the Turkish Grand National Assembly formally abolished the sultanate, deposing the last sultan, Mehmed VI.

A bit of extra context:

  • The political act that “ended” the empire was that 1 November 1922 abolition of the sultanate, which removed the Ottoman dynasty’s state authority.
  • Mehmed VI left Istanbul later that month, marking the practical end of Ottoman imperial rule.
  • The Republic of Turkey was then proclaimed on 29 October 1923, completing the transition from empire to a modern nation-state.