The three ethical principles included in the Belmont Report are Respect for Persons , Beneficence , and Justice.

Belmont Report principles

  • Respect for persons : Treats individuals as autonomous agents and gives extra protection to those with diminished autonomy (such as children or cognitively impaired adults), typically through robust informed consent processes.
  • Beneficence : Requires researchers to maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms, often operationalized through careful risk–benefit assessment in study design.
  • Justice : Demands the fair distribution of the risks and benefits of research so that no group is unduly burdened or unfairly excluded from potential benefits.

These three principles form the ethical foundation for modern regulations and review processes governing research with human subjects.

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